Engel expansion

The Engel expansion of a positive real number x is the unique non-decreasing sequence of positive integers $\{a_1,a_2,a_3,\dots\}$ such that

$x=\frac{1}{a_1}%2B\frac{1}{a_1a_2}%2B\frac{1}{a_1a_2a_3}%2B\cdots.\;$

Rational numbers have a finite Engel expansion, while irrational numbers have an infinite Engel expansion. If x is rational, its Engel expansion provides a representation of x as an Egyptian fraction. Engel expansions are named after Friedrich Engel, who studied them in 1913.

An expansion analogous to an Engel expansion, in which alternating terms are negative, is called a Pierce expansion.

1 Engel expansions, continued fractions, and Fibonacci
2 Algorithm for computing Engel expansions
3 Example
4 Engel expansions of rational numbers
5 Engel expansions for some well-known constants
6 Growth rate of the expansion terms
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links

Engel expansions, continued fractions, and Fibonacci

Kraaikamp and Wu (2004) observe that an Engel expansion can also be written as an ascending variant of a continued fraction:

$x = \frac{\displaystyle 1%2B\frac{\displaystyle 1%2B\frac{\displaystyle 1%2B\cdots}{\displaystyle a_3}}{\displaystyle a_2}}{\displaystyle a_1}.$

They claim that ascending continued fractions such as this have been studied as early as Fibonacci's Liber Abaci (1202). This claim appears to refer to Fibonacci's compound fraction notation in which a sequence of numerators and denominators sharing the same fraction bar represents an ascending continued fraction:

$\frac{a\ b\ c\ d}{e\ f\ g\ h} = \dfrac{d%2B\dfrac{c%2B\dfrac{b%2B\dfrac{a}{e}}{f}}{g}}{h}.$

If such a notation has all numerators 0 or 1, as occurs in several instances in Liber Abaci, the result is an Engel expansion. However, Engel expansion as a general technique does not seem to be described by Fibonacci.

Algorithm for computing Engel expansions

To find the Engel expansion of x, let

$u_1=x,$

$a_k=\left \lceil \frac{1}{u_k} \right \rceil,$

and

$u_{k%2B1}=u_ka_k-1$

where $\left \lceil r \right \rceil$ is the ceiling function (the smallest integer not less than r).

If $u_i=0$ for any i, halt the algorithm.

Example

To find the Engel expansion of 1.175, we perform the following steps.

$u_1 = 1.175, a_1=\left \lceil \frac{1}{1.175} \right\rceil = 1; \,$

$u_2 = u_1a_1-1=1.175\cdot1-1=0.175, a_2=\left\lceil\frac{1}{0.175}\right\rceil=6 \,$

$u_3 = u_2a_2-1=0.175\cdot6-1=0.05, a_3=\left\lceil\frac{1}{0.05}\right\rceil=20 \,$

$u_4 = u_3a_3-1=0.05\cdot20-1=0 \,$

The series ends here. Thus,

$1.175=\frac{1}{1}%2B\frac{1}{1\cdot6}%2B\frac{1}{1\cdot6\cdot20}$

and the Engel expansion of 1.175 is {1, 6, 20}.

Engel expansions of rational numbers

Every positive rational number has a unique finite Engel expansion. In the algorithm for Engel expansion, if u_i is a rational number x/y, then u_i+1 = (−y mod x)/y. Therefore, at each step, the numerator in the remaining fraction u_i decreases and the process of constructing the Engel expansion must terminate in a finite number of steps. Every rational number also has a unique infinite Engel expansion: using the identity

$\frac{1}{n}=\sum_{r=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(n%2B1)^r}.$

the final digit n in a finite Engel expansion can be replaced by an infinite sequence of (n + 1)s without changing its value. For example

$1.175=\{1,6,20\}=\{1,6,21,21,21,\dots\}.\;\;$

This is analogous to the fact that any rational number with a finite decimal representation also has an infinite decimal representation (see 0.999...).

Erdős, Rényi, and Szüsz asked for nontrivial bounds on the length of the finite Engel expansion of a rational number x/y; this question was answered by Erdős and Shallit, who proved that the number of terms in the expansion is O(y^{1/3 + ε}) for any ε > 0.^[1]

Engel expansions for some well-known constants

$\pi=\{1, 1, 1, 8, 8, 17, 19, 300, 1991, 2492, \dots\}\;$ (sequence A006784 in OEIS)

$e=\{1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, \dots\}\;$ (sequence A000027 in OEIS)

And in general,

$e^{1/r}-1=\{1r, 2r, 3r, 4r, 5r, 6r, \dots\}\;$

$\sqrt{2}=\{1,3,5,5,16,18,78,102,120,144, \dots\}\;$ (sequence A028254 in OEIS)

$1=\{2,2,2,2,2, \dots\}.\;$

In general, an Engel expansion with constant terms is a geometric series. More Engel expansions for constants can be found here.

Growth rate of the expansion terms

The coefficients a_i of the Engel expansion typically exhibit exponential growth; more precisely, for almost all numbers in the interval (0,1], the limit $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} a_n^{1/n}$ exists and is equal to e. However, the subset of the interval for which this is not the case is still large enough that its Hausdorff dimension is one.^[2]

The same typical growth rate applies to the terms in expansion generated by the greedy algorithm for Egyptian fractions. However, the set of real numbers in the interval (0,1] whose Engel expansions coincide with their greedy expansions has measure zero, and Hausdorff dimension 1/2.^[3]

Notes

^ Erdős, Rényi & Szüsz (1958); Erdős & Shallit (1991).
^ Wu (2000). Wu credits the result that the limit is almost always e to Janos Galambos.
^ Wu (2003).

References

Engel, F. (1913), "Entwicklung der Zahlen nach Stammbruechen", Verhandlungen der 52. Versammlung deutscher Philologen und Schulmaenner in Marburg, pp. 190–191 .
Erdős, Paul; Rényi, Alfréd; Szüsz, Peter (1958), "On Engel's and Sylvester's series", Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest Eötvös Sect. Math. 1: 7–32, http://www.renyi.hu/~p_erdos/1958-07.pdf .
Erdős, Paul; Shallit, Jeffrey (1991), "New bounds on the length of finite Pierce and Engel series", Journal de théorie des nombres de Bordeaux 3 (1): 43–53, doi:10.5802/jtnb.41, MR 1116100, http://jtnb.cedram.org/item?id=JTNB_1991__3_1_43_0 .
Kraaikamp, Cor; Wu, Jun (2004), "On a new continued fraction expansion with non-decreasing partial quotients", Monatshefte für Mathematik 143 (4): 285–298, doi:10.1007/s00605-004-0246-3 .
Wu, Jun (2000), "A problem of Galambos on Engel expansions", Acta Arithmetica 92 (4): 383–386, MR 1760244 .
Wu, Jun (2003), "How many points have the same Engel and Sylvester expansions?", Journal of Number Theory 103 (1): 16–26, doi:10.1016/S0022-314X(03)00017-9, MR 2008063 .

External links

Weisstein, Eric W. "Engel Expansion". MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/EngelExpansion.html.